Seuna (Yadava) dynasty.

The Seuna, Sevuna or Yadavas of Devagiri (850–1334) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the Narmada rivers, including present-day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh, from its capital at Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad in modern Maharashtra). The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas. Around the middle of the 12th century, as the Chalukya power waned, they declared independence and established rule that reached its peak under Singhana II.

Scholars are divided regarding the origin of the Seuna dynasty.

Yaduvanshi origin

The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the Chandravanshi (Yaduvanshis) of north India. According to verse 21 of Vratakhand (a Sanskrit work by Hemadri), the Seunas were originally from Mathura and later moved to Dwaraka. Hemdari calls them Krishnakulotpanna (i.e., descendants of Krishna). The Marathi saint Dnyaneshwar describes them as yadukulvansh tilak. Some Seuna inscriptions call them Dvaravatipuravaradhishvaras ("masters of Dvaravati or Dwaraka"). Several modern researchers, such as Dr. Kolarkar, also believe that Yadavas came from North India.

The remains of Khandesh (the historical stronghold of Yaduvanshi Ahirs) are popularly believed to be of Gawli Raj, which archaeologically belongs to the Yadavas of Devgiri. For this reason, the historian Reginald Edward Enthoven believed that the Yadavas of Devagiri could have been Abhiras.

There is a belief that Deoghur or Doulatabad was built in AD 1203 by a Dhangar or herdsman who, acquiring by some unusual good fortune vast wealth, was named by his brother shepherds Raja Ram and soon after assumed the rank of a Raja.

Maratha origin

According to scholars such as Prof. George Moraes, V. K. Rajwade, C. V. Vaidya, Dr. A.S. Altekar, Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar, and J. Duncan M. Derrett, the Seuna rulers were ofMaratha descent who patronized the Marathi language. Digambar Balkrishna Mokashi noted that the Yadava dynasty was "what seems to be the first true Maratha empire". In his book Medieval India, C.V.Vaidya states that Yadavas are "definitely pure Maratha Kshatriyas".

A stone inscription found at Anjaneri, near Nashik, suggests that a minor branch of the Yadava family ruled a small district, with Anjaneri as its chief city. The inscription indicates that a ruler called Seunadeva, belonging to the Yadava family, called himself Mahasamanta and made a grant to a Jain temple. Scholars such as Dr. O. P. Varma, state that Yadavas were Marathi speakers and the period of their rule was very important for the history of the Marathi.

Jijabai (the mother of Shivaji, who founded the Maratha Empire) belonged to the clan of jadhavas of Sindkhed Raja, who also claimed descent from the Yadavas.

Karnataka Origin

During the rule of the Seunas, ruling chieftains who were related to the Seuna kings were from Kannada-speaking families, like the Seunas of Masavadi in present-day Dharwad. Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy opined that during the later part of the Rashtrakuta rule from Manyakheta, Seuna chieftains were despatched from the Karnataka region to rule near Nasik.Over five hundred inscriptions belonging to the Seuna dynasty have been found in Karnataka, the oldest being of the rule of Bhillama II. Most of these are in Kannada language and script. Others are in the Kannada language but use Devanagari script. The Seuna coins from the early part of their rule have Kannada legends. Scholars such as Dr. O. P. Varma believe that Kannada was a court language, used along with Marathi and Sanskrit.

Ancient History of Goa

Ancient History of Goa

 The ancient history of Goa dates back to the 3rd century BC. Goa is a small state lying on the western coast of India. It was a long and treasured history. In Mahabarata Goa has been named as Gomant. According to a legend Parasurama known to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu shot an arrow into the Arabian Sea from the Western Ghats reclaiming the beautiful land of Gomant. It is also said that once Lord Shiva had stayed in Goa when it was called Gomantak. The area was also known as Govapuri.

A small island at the foot of the Western Ghats was earlier known as Goa but the Aryans called it Gomati.

According to the history Chandragupta Maurya had established his empire in Goa. The empire was further enhanced under the rule of his son Ashoka. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka took the decision of embracing Buddhism and propagating the message of peace and harmony. During this time Goa was termed as Aparanta, which meant 'Beyond the End.' Ashoka sent a Buddhist monk named Puna to proselytize the south, and also Goa. The whole empire gradually acknowledged Buddhism. The rock cut sanctuaries and the relics of several statues stand as a testimony to the continued existence of Buddhism in the region for many years. Ashoka died in 232 BC and the Maurya Empire collapsed almost immediately after him.

For the next few hundred years Goa was not under a stable rule and did not appear as a separate entity.

At the beginning of the fifth century a young Brahmin from the Karnataka went to study at Kanchi, the Pallava capital. He fought with some of the Pallavas and was eventually driven out. Later on his powerful guerrilla attacks against the kingdom forced the Pallavas to agree to an alliance. The young Mayuravarman was thus appointed as the military ruler over the lands from the Arabian Sea to Malwa.

He subsequently established the Kadamba dynasty which ruled Konkan for several centuries. During the sixth century Deccan once again came under unitary rule of the Chalukyas. The Kadambas after conquering Banavasi and the other Kadamba domains were content to remain as local chieftains under the Chalukyan kings.

In 752 AD, the Konkan, along with the Chalukya Dynasty, were over powered by the Rashtrakutas. This dynasty originated in the region of Goa and they named themselves as Lords of Lattalura town.

The ruling Rashtrakuta later transferred the governorship of Banavasi to his brother-in-law thus depriving the Kadambas of their power. Subsequently a descendant of the former Chalukyan dynasty annexed the Rashtrakutas in 973 AD and re-established the Chalukyan Empire in the Deccan for the next two hundred years. One of the Kadambas during this time seized the opportunity to restore his dynasty. He next ruled as Shastadeva I over Gove, or modern Goa. The Chalukyas thus ruled over Deccan and south Konkan was ruled from Banavasi. The Kadambas were left to govern Goa.

During the later period of Rashtrakuta, Konkan had been ruled by a dynasty called Silahara. The Silaharas governed Goa from Chandrapura, modern Chandor. Shastadeva utilised this town as his capital. An inscription during the time of Shastadeva illustrates the town being a pleasing place to live in.

The beautiful natural harbours of Goa had long been acknowledged by traders particularly by the Arabs. In India their main ports were in Gujarat, Goa, and Calicut (Kozhikode). These ports served as the main entrance for importing or exporting of goods. The advantages of Goa's harbours were not only appreciated by foreign traders, but also Shastadeva himself had a powerful fleet which he apparently sent as far as Ceylon to levy tribute from 'the grim barbarian tribes'. It was during this period in which the influence of India was extremely widespread. Hindu kingdoms were established in many places like in Malaya, in Cambodia, in Indo-China. All of these countries naturally looked towards India as their lodestar and trade between them was considerable, in all of which Goa was superbly placed to play an important role.During all this period Goa prospered and traded not only with the neighbouring states but with all the different countries and nationalities that were attracted by the riches of the Indian market. 

Kadamba Dynasty in Goa

Kadamba Dynasty in Goa

Kadambas of Goaare the offshoots of Kadamba dynasty. Later on they ruled from Chandor. According to the Talagunda inscription they are of Brahmin origin who descended from Mayurasharma. There are several myths surrounding their origin. It is considered that they are of Dravidian origin and were later included in the Vedic Brahamanical fold. Kadamba Shasthadeva was appointed as Mahamandaleshwara of Goa by Chalukya king Tailapa II. The Kadambas were an alliance of the Chalukyas and helped them in defeating the Rashtrakutas as per the Savai vere inscription. Shashthadeva later on conquered the city of Chandrapur from the Shilaharas and established Goa Kadamba dynasty in 960 AD. Goa had become very famous during the rule of Kadambas. During the administration of Kadambas Goa's religion, culture, trade, arts flourished. Several Shiva temples were built as there were many rulers who were Shaivites. Titles like Konkanadhipati, Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera, Gopakapura varadhishva, Konkanmahacharavarti, Panchamahashabda were adopted by the rulers. The kings of Goa had marital relationships with the Kings of Saurashtra and even the local chieftains. They patronized Vedic religion and performed fire sacrifices like the horse sacrifice. Shaivismwas popularised by them in Goa. Jainism was also propagated by them in Goa. Their language of administration was Sanskrit and Kannada. However they also patronized Konkani and Marathi. Kannada language was introduced by them to Goa. This has influenced the colloquial Language of Goa. Scripts like Nagari script, Kadamba script, Halekannada script and Goykanadi scripts were popular. Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 350 years. They lost their kingdom to Yadavas of Devagiri. There are ruins of palaces, mansions, temples and markets still in Chandor Village.

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